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Building the Tokenized Economy: What’s Missing?

The tokenized economy is no longer theoretical—real-world asset (RWA) tokenization is reshaping how value moves across global finance. As institutions invest and infrastructure increases, this article explores the essential building blocks required for adoption at scale: legal clarity, interoperability, liquidity, and trust.

The tokenized economy is no longer theoretical. Institutional players are entering, protocols are onboarding real-world assets (RWAs), and infrastructure is maturing. The foundation is being laid. Yet despite this momentum, meaningful participation in a truly open and inclusive tokenized economy remains uneven.

At its core, tokenization promises to transform how value moves, making ownership more accessible, liquidity more available, and systems more efficient. But to reach that vision, the barriers that still deter users, investors, and institutions must be addressed directly. For tokenization to fulfill its purpose, we have to move beyond just digitizing assets; we have to make those assets usable, transferable, and trusted.

Legal and Regulatory Clarity: Still Fragmented

Tokenization allows physical assets like property, credit, or commodities to be represented on-chain. But if a token represents an asset, do you truly own it? That answer depends on where you live.

Legal recognition of tokenized assets varies widely by jurisdiction. Some regulators have embraced clear definitions and enforceable rights, while others still treat tokenized ownership as ambiguous. This legal uncertainty creates hesitation, especially for cautious or regulated participants. In the EU, frameworks like MiCA offer clear definitions; meanwhile, in many developing economies, legal treatment of tokenized assets remains undefined or unenforced.

New on-chain identity and compliance frameworks are being developed to align tokenization with real-world legal systems, but until that alignment is consistent and global, legal fragmentation will remain a bottleneck. This is especially true in emerging markets, where large segments of the population remain unbanked or underbanked. Expecting individuals in these regions to leap directly into DeFi ecosystems without first addressing foundational legal, identity, and infrastructure gaps is unrealistic. 

For tokenization to be truly inclusive, it must account for regional disparities in legal recognition, financial access, and institutional trust. Bridging these gaps is critical to building a tokenized economy that works for everyone, not just the already-connected.

Infrastructure & Interoperability

The current real-world asset (RWA) landscape is full of promise, with dozens of protocols and pilots pushing innovation forward. But many of these systems are being developed in isolation, each speaking its own technical language. From identity verification and data structures to how assets are represented on-chain, the result is a fragmented ecosystem with limited interoperability.

The consequences are clear:

  • Silos form: Assets can’t move easily across chains or platforms
  • Integrations become costly: Every connection is a one-off build
  • Liquidity is limited: Buyers and sellers are scattered across incompatible standards
  • Compliance becomes harder: Regulatory confidence suffers without consistent, auditable frameworks

This lack of shared standards prevents tokenized assets and liquidity from flowing freely. Without alignment on how RWAs are issued, managed, and exchanged, the industry risks building isolated walled gardens instead of an open financial system. With no shared infrastructure, tokenization risks becoming a coat of many colours, technically brilliant but functionally disconnected.

Just as the internet scaled through common protocols like HTTP and TCP/IP, enabling different systems to communicate, browse, and exchange data. DeFi must adopt shared frameworks that allow tokenized assets to move seamlessly across platforms. Without this foundational alignment, liquidity stays fragmented and trust remains siloed. 

Liquidity: The Bridge to Adoption

Tokenization is a powerful promise: the ability to bring trillions of dollars in traditionally illiquid value into programmable, 24/7 markets. Assets that have long been difficult to fractionalize, transfer, or actively manage become more dynamic. Once tokenized and deployed directly into DeFi ecosystems for borrowing, lending, staking, or automated yield, it powers a new class of real-world financial strategies.

As of May 2025, the total value of tokenized treasuries has surpassed $6 billion, with BlackRock’s BUIDL fund leading the market at over $2.86 billion in assets, more than 40% of the entire sector. Other major players include Ondo Finance and Franklin Templeton . Meanwhile, Defactor has designed the toolkit to help assets like real estate and gold flow into DeFi, turning static and illiquid assets into active financial instruments. These assets, traditionally locked in legacy systems, now generate stable yield while being accessible, tradable, and usable. It's a compelling proof of concept: liquidity can be built around real, yield-generating instruments.

But while tokenization improves transparency and traceability, assets must also be liquid to be useful. Today, many tokenized RWAs remain confined within closed systems, with limited exit options and few active markets. This lack of fluidity limits participation, discourages long-term investment, and undermines the very advantages tokenization is meant to offer.

The next phase of growth will depend on a large-scale connecting of RWAs to open, decentralized liquidity, where real-world value flows as freely as native crypto assets and traditional finance finally becomes programmable.

Trust, Custody & Compliance

Imagine a logistics company in Nairobi tokenizes a fleet of delivery trucks to unlock financing. Each token represents a share of ownership in the vehicles generating real-world revenue. On-chain, the structure looks clean, tokens are issued, yield is forecasted, and DeFi lenders line up. But one critical question remains: who’s actually holding the keys to those trucks, and how do you know they even exist?

This is where the bridge of TradFi with DeFi becomes more than a technical feat, it becomes a question of trust. Custody, compliance, and credibility still matter. Tokenizing an asset doesn’t eliminate the need for physical management, it moves the responsibility to additional actors and systems. Whatever the asset involved, someone must ensure that it is secure, accounted for, and governed according to the terms represented on-chain. That role must be auditable, transparent, and legally accountable. At the same time, regulatory compliance is non-negotiable, especially as tokenized assets come under increased scrutiny from policymakers

But embedding compliance without collapsing back into centralization is one of the space’s most critical design challenges. The aim isn’t control, it’s trust that can scale.

What’s emerging now is a new framework, one replacing intermediaries with transparent, verifiable, and on-chain mechanisms for reputation, accountability, and compliance. These systems don’t rely on legacy credentials; they build trust through code, behavior, and governance. Smart contracts can enforce rules, on-chain identities can anchor credibility, and decentralized governance can adapt oversight as needed. It’s not about removing trust, but redefining how it’s earned.

The result is the foundation of credible neutrality. A financial layer where participation is open, rules are transparent, and value flows freely, without asking users to sacrifice decentralization for legitimacy.

Conclusion

The tokenized economy isn’t an idea waiting to be proven anymore, it’s a structure waiting to be finished. The scaffolding is there: protocols that work, capital that's watching, real-world assets already on-chain. 

But none of it will matter if the next layer we build doesn’t earn the trust of people who weren’t in the room when this all began. That means frameworks that speak across borders. Systems that connect without friction. Assets that move with purpose. And above all, trust that isn’t demanded but demonstrated, through open code, clear governance, and consistent behavior. This isn’t about recreating the financial system in a new outfit. It’s about rethinking what it means to participate in it at all. If we get that right, then tokenization won’t just change finance. It will change who gets to shape it.

Key takeaways

The tokenized economy doesn’t need louder headlines or more pitch decks. It needs coherence. Infrastructure users don’t have to examine to trust. Here’s what needs to happen next:

  • Shared Legal Frameworks: Ownership shouldn’t hinge on where you were born. The rules have to make sense in Nairobi, New York, and everywhere in between. Especially for the people who’ve been locked out the longest.
  • Interoperability That Just Works: Too many protocols, not enough connections. If assets can’t move freely between platforms, then liquidity isn’t global; it’s fenced in. That defeats the point.
  • Real, Usable Markets: Tokenized assets can’t just sit there looking futuristic. They need to move. Be borrowed against, traded, or put to work. Otherwise, we’re just gilding the old system with new tech.
  • Trust That Doesn’t Ask for Permission: Let’s not rebuild old gatekeepers with shinier branding. The next financial layer has to prove itself through code, governance, and open access. Not through closed doors and legacy credentials.
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